However, both the markable immunotoxic effects and even carcinogenesis properties of most recognized exogenous synthetic AHR ligands have been elucidated (Murray et al., 2014; Stockinger et al., 2021; Abudahab et al., 2023; Chen et al., 2023), which limited clinical widespread application in IBD patients. This evidence concerns the gene AHR and irritable bowel syndrome.