GSDMD and congenital rubella syndrome: IL-6 and IL-1, derived from monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, play key roles.57 A study found that CAR-T cells activate gasdermin E (GSDME) to mediate cellular scorching and, subsequently, CRS by releasing large amounts of perforin and granzyme B.58 Animal experiments have shown that knocking down GSDME, destroying macrophages, or blocking the activation of GSDMD prevents the development of CRS.59