Tumor vaccines are intended to facilitate tumor-specific immune responses by targeting tumor antigens.177 At the present time, the technologies investigated for vaccines in HCC so far include dendritic cell vaccines and peptide vaccines, such as AFP and glypican-3 (GPC3).178 All these strategies have been demonstrated to be safe and although monotherapy with vaccines showed limited clinical efficacy, this could be attributed to the diverse features of HCC tumors and vaccine design, or even a combination of both.179 The selection of the right target for vaccines is crucial. Here, AFP is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.