AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: In the clinical validation cohort, for early-stage HCC, GAAD correctly detected 122 out of 174 cases [70.1% sensitivity (95% CI: 62.7–76.8)], while AFP alone detected 72 out of 174 cases [41.4% sensitivity (95% CI: 34.0–49.1)] and PIVKA-II alone detected 106 out of 174 cases [60.9% sensitivity (95% CI: 53.2–68.2)].