AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: In the clinical validation cohort, GAAD correctly differentiated 284 of 303 benign disease control samples from early-stage HCC [specificity: 93.7% (95% CI: 90.4–96.2)], compared with 297 of 303 for AFP [specificity: 98.0% (95% CI: 95.7–99.3)] and 274 of 303 for PIVKA-II [specificity: 90.4% (95% CI: 86.5–93.5)].