The interaction between VSIG-3 and VISTA expressed on activated human T cells was a type of adverse regulation pathway and led to a reduction in T cell proliferation, pro-inflammatory cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-17) and chemokine (CCL3, CCL5, and CXCL11) production, and decreased infiltration of immune cells (i.e., monocytes, DCs, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)) to the TME [81]. This evidence concerns the gene VSIR and neoplasm.