Meanwhile, compared with non-smokers, 17 hub genes were identified in differentially expressed mRNAs shared by smokers and COPD patients, including COPS7A, WDTC1, COMMD6, DDB2, INO80E, RUVBL1, COPS5, PTEN, SMAD2, PPARG, CAV1, CTGF, FAU, NHP2, SDAD1, EFTUD1, and DOCK4 (Fig. 1C), which may increase the risk of COPD in people with a history of smoking. This evidence concerns the gene RUVBL1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.