INS and Hyperglycemia: Generally, multiple islet donors are required in a single transplantation to achieve insulin independence (Shapiro et al, 2000; Markmann et al, 2003), primarily because a substantial portion of the transplanted islets undergo apoptosis due to the exposure to a toxic environment of hyperglycemia, hypoxia, and immunosuppressant soon after transplantation (Shapiro et al, 2017; Gamble et al, 2018).