INS and diabetes mellitus: As the seventh most fatal disease worldwide,[4] diabetes is a metabolic disorder that affects 463 million adults and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 and to 700 million by 2045.[5] Diabetes can damage many organs of the body, leading to abnormal kidney function, loss of vision, neuropathy, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and other symptoms (Figure 1).[6] Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, which is caused by the lack of insulin or insulin resistance due to the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells.