TNF and osteoarthritis: At present, many studies at home and abroad have proven that IHH and RUNX2 lead to bone and joint hypertrophy through excessive maturation and differentiation of chondrocytes and further upregulate MMP protein, thus promoting the progression of osteoarthritis [28, 29].After cartilage injury, pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), MMP-13 and other decomposing factors increase rapidly, causing inflammation, chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage ECM degradation [30].