TIMP2 and urinary bladder cancer: We have shown that hAM preparations, especially hAM homogenate, exert their anti-migration and anti-invasion effects on muscle-invasive bladder cancer urothelial cells by (1) down-regulating the FAK/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway and (2) inhibiting the expression of proteins involved in actin cytoskeleton reorganisation and mesenchymal EMT markers such as N-cadherin and MMP-2, while simultaneously increasing the secretion of TIMP-2.