In other work, ‘remarkable’ differences in miR profiles between RA and healthy donor-derived exosomes has been reported, including upregulation of miR-17 (which may inhibit regulatory T cell differentiation), miR-19b, and miR-121, and downregulation of miR-584a-3p (which may regulate the TLR4–nuclear factor-κB axis) [42, 43]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR4 and rheumatoid arthritis.