In univariate regression models, time (hour of the day and hour-squared, both (p < 0.001), younger age (p=0.001), shorter duration of diabetes (p < 0.001), lower insulin dose per kilogram (p < 0.001), and lower hemoglobin A1c (p < 0.001) were associated with higher TIR (Table 5). Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.