LIPE and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Furthermore, the anti-obesity properties of carnitine might be attributed to its potential role in stimulating adipocyte lipolysis, through upregulating lipolytic gene expression, namely, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) (21), carnitine palmitoyl transferase Ia (CPT-Ia) (21), and acyl coenzyme A oxidase (ACO) (21), as well as attenuating adipogenesis in adipocytes through suppression of adipogenic gene expression, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and adipose-specific fatty acid-binding protein (aP2) in adipose tissue (21).