In contrast, a nested case-control study of the PROVALID study, which was a prospective cohort study including 4000 patients with T2DM in five European countries, showed that common risk factors (albuminuria, hemoglobin A1c, heart failure, and smoking) and microinflammation, but not CHIP, were associated with kidney function decline in T2DM (hazard ratio [HR] 1.06 [95% CI 0.57–1.96]) (Denicolo et al., 2022). The gene discussed is STUB1; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.