FLT1 and gestational diabetes: Moreover, the PE and GDM-PE groups had higher levels of fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (FLT-1) expression (Dong, 2019; Krishnasamy et al., 2019; Sugimoto et al., 2019; Ren et al., 2020; Al-Ofi et al., 2021; Alqudah et al., 2021; Atallah et al., 2021; Bolatai et al., 2022).