Furthermore, similar observations were made using fresh PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) from a patient with HTLV-1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a chronic inflammatory disease, and PBMCs of a patient with ATL, indicating that CTCF binds to the HTLV-1 provirus in vivo as well (Satou et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene CTCF and tropical spastic paraparesis.