INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: As per the definition and classification by the American Diabetes Association, diabetes has four distinct subtypes: (i) Type 1 diabetes (T1D) – an autoimmune disorder marked by insufficient insulin production that extinguishes β-cells; (ii) Type 2 diabetes (T2D) – associated with insulin resistance and a gradual decline in insulin levels accompanied by the loss of β-cells; (iii) Specific type of diabetes ascending from diverse underlying causes; and (iv) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) – occurring in the later trimesters of pregnancy, without prior existence before conception (3).