In the adjacent liver tissues of HCC patients (TCGA-LIHC), expression of CCL2 was positively correlated with naïve M0 macrophage (calculated by CIBERSORT algorithm) presentation and CD68 expression (Fig. 6E), indicating that genipin intervention suppressed CCL2 secretion from the hepatocytes in the postoperative liver, and thereby indirectly inhibited macrophage infiltration into the postoperative liver. Here, CCL2 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.