Overall, metformin can exert protective effects in atherosclerotic thrombotic disease (22, 24), intestinal inflammation (25), cardiovascular disease (31), asthma (26, 27), acute pancreatitis (35), and diabetic nephropathy (28) upon acting on the AMPK/NF-κB, AMPK/PTEN, AMPK/NLRP3, and AMPK/SIRT1 pathways. Here, PRKAA1 is linked to asthma.