Furthermore, in diabetic rat models, exendin-4, a GLP-1-like peptide capable of activating GLP1-R, was able to protect against the onset and progression of DN by inhibiting the formation of ROS (Ojima et al., 2013), and its effect on reducing cisplatin-induced kidney injury and apoptosis has also been demonstrated (Katagiri et al., 2013). Here, GCG is linked to liver dysplastic nodule.