EEC: enteroendocrine cell; GH: growth hormone; GI: gastrointestinal; AKI: acute kidney injury; ROS: reactive oxygen species; UUO: unilateral ureteral obstruction; IRI: ischemia-reperfusion injury; TSH: thyroid stimulation factor; ADPKD: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease; DN: diabetic nephropathy; IEC: intestinal epithelial cell. Here, GH1 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.