LIFR and breast carcinoma: Zhao et al. demonstrated STAT3-dependent TWIST1 induction and subsequent STAT3/TWIST1-dependent EMT in the lung-metastatic derivative (LM2–4175) MDA-MB-231 human mammary carcinoma cell line.21 Similar evidence was presented by Lin et al. using A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells and by Cho et al. using PC-3 human prostate cancer cells.54 Surprisingly, TWIST1 overexpression did not significantly increase invasion, migration, or self-renewal of shPCBP1 cells in the current study, nor did it rescue the loss of these properties in LIFR KO cells (data not shown).