NEFL and dementia: Our findings are largely consistent with a previous analysis of the Rotterdam Study (n=1930, mean age 72), which used variations of phenotypic age built on a different but overlapping panel of BA biomarkers.5 The Rotterdam Study reported a similar effect size of BA residual on ischaemic stroke risk, although effect on all-cause dementia risk was only seen with the addition of a central nervous system-specific biomarker (neurofilament light chain), highlighting the importance of comparing BA measures across different cohorts.6