The results showed that response rate of patients with high TGFB1 expression was significantly higher than patients with low TGFB1 expression and patients with a response to ICB had higher TGFB1 expression than patients with no response, this could be applied to melanoma, lung cancer, and kidney cancer immunotherapy cohorts (Fig. 6B,C and Fig. S4B-C). Here, TGFB1 is linked to lung carcinoma.