TGFB1 and cancer: It is worth noting that TGF-β1 may mediate pro- and anti-tumor effects through both cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors; it might orchestrate the tumor microenvironment (TME) by promoting tumor-promoting components like cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF)-like cells5 and suppressing cytotoxic cells like CD8 + T cells6,7.