Subsequently, PROX1 was identified as the most significantly upregulated gene in HLECs treated with EVs secreted by NSCLC cells with circTLCD4-RWDD3 overexpression compared with the control group (Fig. 7a, Supplementary Fig. 5e–g), while PROX1 was greatly downregulated in HLECs treated with A549- or H1299-EVsi-circTLCD4-RWDD3 compared with the control group (Supplementary Fig. 5h, i). Here, PROX1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.