Given that NF-κB, which plays a central role in airway inflammation in COPD [51], was predicted as a target of active ingredients present in LHQK (Fig. 8B), we validated the inhibitory property of LHQK and its active ingredients on NF-κB using an NF-κB luciferase reporter system (Fig. 9). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.