HLA-DQA1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: For example, while it is clear that residue 57 of the HLA-DQB1 protein is the main determinant of type 1 diabetes mellitus at this gene (as reported before in refs. 43–45), with an odds ratio of 1.72 (96% CI: 1.64–1.80, p = 5.4 × 10−116), it is not as clear which amino acid is the main driver at HLA-DQA1 (Fig. 6a).