MTOR and neoplasm: Moreover, GSK-3β is important in neoplasia because it phosphorylates other key proteins mediating numerous pathways implicated in cancer (such as the Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR, Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, Hedgehog, Notch, and TP53 pathways) that influence cancer initiation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and resistance to therapy [34].