INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus represents one of the most prevalent endocrinopathies globally.1 The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) involves multifactorial elements, including impaired insulin sensitivity in target tissues, which leads to glucolipotoxicity, beta-cell dysfunction, and inadequate insulin secretion.2 Factors contributing to insulin resistance encompass obesity, overweight status, sedentary lifestyles, genetic predisposition, and aging.