INS and coronary artery disorder: Furthermore, the CAD group exhibited significantly higher levels of insulin (P = 0.001), HOMA-IR (P = 0.001), and AST (P = 0.004) compared to the control group, while no significant differences in FBG (P = 0.727), ALT (P = 0.094), and creatinine (P = 0.200) values were observed.