MAPK14 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: It was found that p38 MAPK inhibition impaired bacterial phagocytosis by M1 macrophages from COPD patients but enhanced efferocytosis by M2 macrophages from all groups [80], while Vij et al. [84] found that cigarette smoke activated p38 MAP kinase and inhibited autophagy in macrophages, leading to increased inflammation and impaired phagocytosis.