Meanwhile, p38 inhibition has been shown to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, CXCL8, and CCL5 (Chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5) from isolated lung epithelial cells of COPD patients [23] (Table 1 and Fig. 3). Here, CXCL8 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.