To further investigate the heterogeneity of the two clusters, we performed GSVA and GSEA analyses of the two clusters, and the GSVA results showed that, compared to cluster A, systemic lupus erythematosus, complement and coagulation cascades, the p53 signaling pathway, and other pathways were more active in cluster B (Fig. 3B). Here, TP53 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.