In another study including 20 cases of cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) or early invasive adenocarcinoma, the authors demonstrated that the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was the most sensitive marker of invasion compared to six other surface antigens, indicating that desmoplasia is a reliable feature of invasiveness23. This evidence concerns the gene ACTA1 and androgen insensitivity syndrome.