CEL and fetal growth restriction: It was notable that IUGR resulted in the upregulation of numerous genes involved in nutrient metabolism, such as CEL and PDK4. Carboxyl ester lipase (CEL) is one of four major lipases secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum (Johansson et al., 2018) and is mainly expressed in the liver and pancreas (Pfützer et al., 2002), and involved in lipid absorption (Kirby et al., 2002).