PRKAA2 and fetal growth restriction: Moreover, in accordance with our pathway analysis indicating an upregulation of transcriptional activity related to beta-oxidation of fatty acids, studies in rats have indicated that IUGR increased hepatic Prkaa2 expression, a subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (a master regulator of mitochondrial beta-oxidation) (Shen, Zhu, and Du, 2022).