In liver injury, pretreatment with kaempferol significantly reduced survival and increased severe liver injury by promoting autophagy, whereas in hepatocellular carcinoma, kaempferol induced autophagy via the ER stress-CHOP pathway and regulated autophagy-related genes, Atg7 and siRNA, which induced cancer cell death, thus exerting an anti-cancer effect (Xiao et al., 2022). Here, DDIT3 is linked to cancer.