BDNF and central nervous system cancer: Conditioned medium collected from optogenetically stimulated Bdnf-TMKI cortical explants elicited a mildly reduced proliferative response of glioma cells in monoculture compared with conditioned medium from wild-type cortical explants, indicating a small direct mitogenic effect of activity-regulated BDNF ligand secretion (Extended Data Fig. 3b), as expected1.