We applied the UMAP algorithm to cluster the endothelial cells into 9 clusters (Fig. 3A), and then mapped the cell clusters onto groups as shown in Fig. 3B. Several significantly increased tumor endothelial cells (TECs) clusters were observed in the endothelial cells of HCC, such as TEC_PLVAP, TEC_CCL5, TEC_GPX1, and TEC_SEMA3G (Fig. 3C). Here, CCL5 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.