HLA-C and autoimmune disease: Several studies have demonstrated that immune-related adverse events from ICIs have distinct biological features such as cytokines levels, MHC genes, as compared with the conventional autoimmune diseases.31 32 Flares of the underlying autoimmune disease can occur, however, in about half of patients with ARD who are treated with ICIs.17 Future prospective trials of patients with ARD and lung cancer will clarify any potential efficacy benefits or safety issues for this specific group of patients.