INS and diabetes mellitus: It is reassuring that the effects of OPG and DMB on the β cell, hepatocytes, muscle, fat, and bone are beneficial in the context of diabetes, as they enhance β cell growth (12, 13), function (22, 54), and survival (11, 22); improve hepatocyte, muscle, and adipose insulin sensitivity (52, 79–81); and augment bone formation (6–9, 14–16).