Numerous anti-cancer mechanisms-of-action have been ascribed to PTZs including, but not limited to, antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects that may stem from disruption of Ca2+-signaling through calmodulin (CaM) binding, inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO, complex IV) activity, disruptions of MAPK/ERK, AKT/PI3K, WNT pathways; increased autophagy, and inhibition of cancer stem cell behavior (10, 11, 13, 15). The gene discussed is CALM1; the disease is cancer.