Finally, either 24 h or 48 h exposure to Sm-p40 was unable to induce apoptosis in HMVEC-L compared to the positive control staurosporine in vitro (Figures 4E, F), suggesting that S. mansoni egg-derived p40 activates TLR4/CD14/py14-Cav-1 signaling pathway, but additional host factors might be required for lung endothelial injury and expansion of the abnormal vascular phenotype observed in PAH. The gene discussed is CAV1; the disease is pulmonary arterial hypertension.