However, despite findings from several human GWAS studies linking DO gene with HCV infection and cancer (23–28), most studies up to date on DO have been focusing only on its association with autoimmunity in mice and much less concern has been given on the role of DO in infectious diseases except one study that linked loss of DO beta gene to enhanced production of broadly neutralizing antibodies against a viral infection (25). Here, ART4 is linked to viral infectious disease.