In addition, the exosomes derived from BC cells transmit lncRNA MALAT1 to surrounding BC cells, which can silence miR-1-3p and activate the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP)/RAS-associated protein 1 (Rap1) signaling axis, ultimately endowing BC cells with chemotherapy resistance (Fig. 4) [28]. Here, MALAT1 is linked to breast cancer.