In hepatitis B virus infection, IL-17 attracted CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs to trigger CD8 T-cell exhaustion101, whereas in myelodysplastic syndromes, CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs have been proposed to induce CD8 T-cell exhaustion via the Tim-3/Galectin-9 pathway102. Here, ITGAM is linked to hepatitis B virus infection.