Among malignancies, GDF-15 has been shown to be strongly expressed in prostatic, pancreatic, colorectal, gastric, urothelial, and renal carcinomas as well as melanoma, and at relatively lower levels, in cervical, breast, endometrial, thyroid, and pancreatic carcinomas [12,18,26]. This evidence concerns the gene GDF15 and exocrine pancreatic carcinoma.