In one example, the induction of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α), occurs early on in MS lesions, suggesting that hypoxia-induced metabolic dysfunction contributes to neuroinflammation in MS (Aboul-Enein et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2004; Halder and Milner, 2020). Here, HIF1A is linked to myeloid sarcoma.