TNF and Alzheimer disease: Lee et al.10confirmed that Sal B facilitates neuroprotection via anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative effects by ameliorating memory impairment, reducing the number of activated microglia and astrocytes, and inducing nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2 expression levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. The expression of pro‐inflammatory factors such as IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and NF‐κB was significantly increased after traumatic brain injury or spinal cord injury in animal models, and treatment with Sal B greatly attenuated this upregulation.37