RT‐qPCR evidenced that mRNA of TLR4, MyD88, and NLRP3 were markedly increased in atrial tissues from the SHR‐AF group rats compared to that in those from the SHR group, whereas these mRNA were notably decreased in atrial tissues from the SHR‐AF(+sh‐FMOD) group compared to that in those from the SHR‐AF(+sh‐NC) group (Figure 6A). Here, TLR4 is linked to atrial fibrillation.