In addition, the protein expression of fibrotic biomarkers including TGF‐β1, p‐Smad2, collagen I, and collagen II were markedly increased in atrial tissues from the SHR‐AF group compared to that in those from the SHR group, whereas these protein levels were notably decreased in atrial tissues from the SHR‐AF(+sh‐FMOD) group compared to that in those from the SHR‐AF(+sh‐NC) group (Figure 7B). This evidence concerns the gene FMOD and atrial fibrillation.