The JAK-STAT pathway transmits signals from extracellular ligands, including many cytokines and chemokines as well as growth factors and hormones, directly to the nucleus to induce a variety of cellular responses.[32] Gene and protein expression studies of kidney biopsies from people with early- and late-stage DKD have shown increased activation and expression of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway across the spectrum of DKD.[33] Inhibitors of JAK/STAT pathways are promising therapeutic options to improve the renal outcome of patients with DKD, but appropriate clinical trials are necessary.[34]. The gene discussed is SOAT1; the disease is diabetic kidney disease.