DPP4 and dementia: These agents belong to various classes of oral hypoglycemic agents, such as biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists.[95] Recent studies have highlighted the protective effects of DPP-4 inhibitors, particularly in combination with metformin, on reducing dementia risk.[96,97] Similarly, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors significantly reduce cognitive dysfunction.[98] Other pharmacological agents, including Phenibut and Ipidacrine, have been explored as additional therapies for diabetic patients.[99]