HMOX1 and osteoporosis: It also protects the differentiation potential of osteoblastic stem cells in high glucose environment and activates the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway to regulate the inhibition of osteogenic differentiation caused by high glucose; in addition, metformin can reverse the apoptosis caused by glucocorticoids through the action of AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K pathway on osteoblastic cells, thus playing a role in pharmacological osteoporosis.[23–27] More specific mechanisms are being investigated in further studies.